[12].Young,Travels,Dublinedition,pp.,andonedoubtshisimpartialitywhenhestated:”Themetayersweresomiserablypoor,;butallconversationofthatsortistimelostinFrance”（Maxwelledition,www.youxs.org）.
[13].Young,Travels,Betham-Edwardsedition.
[14].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[15].Young,Travels,Maxwelledition,www.youxs.org.
[16].WhenBetham-EdwardswroteinherintroductiontoYoungsTravels（www.youxs.org）,that”nothinghasdonemore[thanmetayage]toimprovetheconditionofthepeasantandofhusbandrywithinthelastfiftyyears,”,:
Itwasnotperhapssomuchacauseofpovertyhoweverasaresult,andthatitwasasystemthatworkedratherbetterinpracticethanintheoryisshownbythefactthatitsurvivedtheRevolution,andisstillarecognizedformofland-holding……EvenbeforetheRevolutionthereweremanyFrenchlandlordswholivedonexcellenttermswiththeirmetayers,visitingthemintheirholdingsanddiscussingagriculturalmatterswiththem（Maxwelledition,www.youxs.org）.
[17].SeeYoung,Travels,Dublinedition,www.youxs.org.
[18].YoungsaccountoftaxesisbestseeninachapterontheRevolution（Travels,Maxwelledition,www.youxs.org）.www.youxs.org:”Accordingtorecentestimates36percentofthepeasantsinedisappearedindirecttaxestotheState;14percentwentontithespayabletotheChurch;while11or12percentwasconsumedbyseigneurialduesatYoungstime.”
[19].Seeibid.,www.youxs.org.
[20].RichardJones,AnEssayontheDistributionofWealthandontheSourcesofTaxation,part1—Rent（London:JohnMurrary,1831）.Tomyknowledge,outtheentirevolume,
[21].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[22].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[23].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[24].www.youxs.org[1815]（NewYork:,1966）,www.youxs.org.
[25].SeeJohnStuartMill,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy（4thed.；London:,1857）,Book2,,”OfMetayers.”
[26].Ibid.,www.youxs.org”Englishauthority”whowrote:
Thepracticeoflettinglandsbyproportionalrents……isverygeneralonthecontinent;andwhereverithasbeenadopted,ithasputastoptoallimprovements,andhasreducedthecultivatorstothemostabjectpoverty[PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy（Edinburgh,1843）,www.youxs.org].
[27].Mill,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,www.youxs.org.
[28].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[29].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[30].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[31].NotethatthelaststatementinthisquotationisquitedifferentfromJonessview.
[32].SeeMill,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,p.
[33].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[34].Ibid.,www.youxs.org.
[35].MillquotesSismondiinibid.,www.youxs.org.
[36].,forexample,Jones,DistributionofWealth;Sismondi,PoliticalEconomy,；McCulloch,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,www.youxs.org；andMill,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,www.youxs.org.
[37].Mill,PrinciplesofPoliticalEconomy,www.youxs.org.
www.youxs.org
Severalanalyticaldeficienciesstoodinthewayofclassicalwri,classicalwritersfailedtotreatlandrentaspartofproductioncost.[1]Furthermore,,beforeMarshall,SismondiandMillhadnotplacedmuchweightonthetax-equivalentargument,Marshallrenewedthethesis,presumablybecausetheanalogytoataxundersharerentfitsratherneatlyintohismarginalanalysis.[2]Evenwithsuchanapproach,Marshallalmostobtainedthecorrectsolutioninafootnote.
BytracingfootnotesintwochaptersofMarshallsPrinciples,,,,tenantlabor,t,ismeasuredalongthehorizontalaxis,and
,ishorizontalinapetitivemarket,,equilibriumisatB,,wehavethemarginalequality:
=.
Thesameresultobtainsforownercultivation,whethertheownerworksuptot2andworkselsewhere,ytheareaMDB,anamountequaltothatofafixed-rentcontract.
Underthetaxapproachofanalyzingsharetenancy,however,themarginaltenantreceiptnetofrent,
（1-r）,,ifthelandownertakes[3]percentoftheannualyield（r=www.youxs.org）andthetenanttakes60percent,
（1-r）willbe60percentof
,itissaid,equilibriumisatA,wherethemarginaltenantcostequalsthemarginaltenantreceipt;thatis,
（1-r）.,thetotalproductisrepresentedbytheareaODJt1,withtheland,areaMEArepresentstheamountreceivedbytheten-antoverandabovehisalternativeearning（areaOMAt1）.WithequilibriumatA,t（withareaJABrepresentingtheeconomicwaste）.
ItwaswiththisanalysisinmindthatMarshallmented: